European Hornbeam: Characteristics, Uses, and Sustainability of the Common Hornbeam
The European Hornbeam, also known as the Common Hornbeam and scientifically as Carpinus betulus, is a remarkable wood species native to Europe and western Asia. Renowned for its strength and versatility, this hardwood has been a staple in various industries, from flooring and musical instrument crafting to traditional woodworking.Characteristics of European Hornbeam
Color and AppearanceThe European Hornbeam is predominantly sapwood, with the boards and lumber generally being nearly white. This lack of color distinction extends to the pale yellowish-brown heartwood, which is not conspicuously separated from the sapwood. Tree Size
European Hornbeam trees typically reach a height of 50 to 65 feet (approximately 15 to 20 meters) with a trunk diameter ranging from 2 to 3 feet (0.6 to 1 meter). This size makes it a versatile option for manufacturing diverse products. Physical Properties
European Hornbeam distinguishes itself with properties such as an average dried weight of about 46 lbs/ft or approximately 735 kg/m³. It possesses a crushing strength of 7,320 lb/in² (approx. 50.5 MPa) and a Janka hardness rating of 1,630 lbf (equivalent to 7.26 kN). Other characteristics include a modulus of rupture of 16,010 lb/in² (110.4 MPa) and an elastic modulus of 1,755,000 lb/in² (12.1 GPa), alongside a specific gravity ranging between .53 and .74.
Shrinkage and Durability
Radial shrinkage is about 6.8%, tangential shrinkage is around 11.5%, and volumetric shrinkage stands at approximately 18.4%, resulting in a T/R ratio of 1.7. Though Hornbeam is generally susceptible to decay and insect attacks, it showcases excellent resilience against wear and abrasion.Common Uses of the European Hornbeam
Due to its distinguishing features, the European Hornbeam serves multiple industries and applications: Fuelwood and FlooringAs a potent source of fuelwood, Hornbeam is widely appreciated for its high-calorific value. Its durability and resistance to wear also make it a prime choice for flooring applications, especially in high-traffic areas. Veneer and Musical Instruments
The fine texture and strength of Hornbeam make it suitable for creating high-quality veneer. It's also favored in crafting percussion musical instruments due to its sound-resonating properties. Machinery and Tool Components
Commonly used in manufacturing wheels, handles, and shafts, Hornbeam’s hardness and resistance to mechanical stress offer reliable performance in demanding environments. Turned Wooden Objects
Artists and craftsmen often turn to Hornbeam for creating fine turned objects and small wood parts, thanks to its smooth finish and ability to retain intricate details.
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